Form N - 3.04
SHEI
"Ternopol State Medical University Horbachevsky
MOH
UKRAINE"
(Full name of
university)
Department of Human Anatomy
"APPROVED"
First Pro-rector
Prof. Mysula
IR
"14" June 2013
Syllabus
STUDY SUBJECTS
Human Anatomy
(Code and name of discipline)
Training direction 1201 Medicine
(Code and name of the field of study)
Specialty
7.12010001 "Medicine"
(Code and name of specialty)
Faculty Medical
(Name of institution,
faculty, department)
2013 -
2014 Year
The work program
on human anatomy
(Name of
discipline)
In the direction
of 1201 Medicine,
Specialty 7.12010001
"Medicine"
Developers:
Dr. Med., professor of anatomy Gerasimyuk
I Ye
Dr. Med., professor of anatomy Fedonyuk
Y aI
Assistant professor of anatomy Boymystruk
I I
Assistant Department of Human Anatomy Galitska-Harhalis O Ya
(Specify authors, their positions, degrees and academic titles)
Syllabus
endorsed by the Department of Human
Anatomy
Minutes
from the "12" in June 2013 № 11
Head of the Department of Human Anatomy
|
|
(Gerasimyuk IE)
(Signature) (Surname and initials)
Ó __________, 2013
Ó __________, 2014
1. Description
Discipline
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Name of indicators |
Discipline, training direction, education and
qualification level |
Characteristic of discipline |
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full-time
education |
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Credits - 14.5 |
Discipline ____ 1201 ___ Medicine (Code and name) |
Normative |
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Modules - 3 |
Specialty: 7.12010001"Medicine"_ |
Year of training |
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Content modules - 17 |
1st |
2nd |
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Semester |
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Total hours -435 |
1st |
2nd |
3rd |
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Lectures |
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Weekly hours for full-time study: audience - 12.8 independent work of students - 8.95 |
Educational qualification: specialist |
8 hours |
28 hours |
10 hours |
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Practical |
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66 hours |
96 hours |
48 hours |
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Laboratory |
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Independent work |
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31 hours |
101 hours |
47 hours |
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Individual tasks: |
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Type of control: |
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Test control
module |
Test control
module |
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Note.
Ratio of number of
hours of classroom training and independent work is (%):
For
full-time study - 65: 35
2. The aims and
objectives of the discipline
Objective:
Human Anatomy
aims to:
·
trained physician
by profession according to the power of the content module (natural-scientific training);
·
be the basis for
building the content of the discipline;
·
mastering the
structure of systems of rights;
·
to determine
anatomical preparations topographic anatomical relationship of the person;
·
mastery of Latin
terminology in accordance with international anatomical nomenclature (San
Paulo, 1997);
·
evaluation of age,
sex and individual structure of
organs
Objectives:
- To analyze the information about the structure of the
human body, systems, organs and tissues;
- To identify of the topographic and
anatomical relations of human organs and systems;
- To interpret patterns prenatal and
early postnatal development of the human versions of variability and
malformations;
- To interpret the gender, age and
individual peculiarities of the structure of the human body;
- To provide interdependence and unity
of the structures and functions of their human variability under the influence
of environmental factors;
- To determine the impact of social
conditions and work on the development and structure of the human body;
- To demonstrate the moral and ethical
attitude to a living person and human body as an object of anatomical and
clinical study.
Study of the
discipline the student must
Know:
–
All anatomical structure of the human body;
–
navigate the topographic location of anatomic
features and human systems;
Be able to:
–
free to use anatomical terminology;
–
determine the placement of certain organs and
entire systems, blood vessels, nerves in the physical body;
–
display and called on radiographs, CT and MRI
of the body, certain organs and blood vessels;
–
dissect the different parts of the physical
body;
3. Program
Discipline
Module 1. Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system
Content module 1. Introduction
to Anatomy
Specific
objectives:
-
Identify the subject and objectives of anatomy, basic anatomical methods;
-
Evaluate the major trends of modern anatomy;
-
Analyze stages of human anatomy as the fundamental discipline;
-
To analyze the contribution of eminent scientists and anatomists of different
eras in the development of the human anatomy;
-
To analyze the contribution of eminent scientists and anatomists of Ukraine in
the formation of the Ukrainian school of anatomists.
-
Identify the main stages of embryogenesis. Analyze derivatives of each germ layers.
Theme 1. Subject and problems of anatomy. Research
methods in anatomy. The main directions of development of modern anatomy
Human anatomy - the science about form and structure,
origin and development of the human body, its organs and systems. Anatomy
provides a systematic description of the shape, structure, and topographic
relations of parts and organs of the body, taking into account their age, sex
and individual characteristics.
The main directions of development of modern anatomy -
Developmental anatomy, comparative anatomy plastic anatomy, anthropology,
environmental and other anatomies.
Basic
research methods in anatomy - a visual study, anthropometric survey
preparation, macro-microscopic study microscopic study. Modern methods of
research in Human anatomy: radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasonography (USG), endoscopy and others.
Theme 2. Milestones
anatomy in ancient times, in the Renaissance, in the XVII-XIX centuries
Analysis of the anatomy in ancient times, in the
Renaissance, in XVII-XIX centuries. The
value of the works of Hippocrates, Aristotle, Galen, Avicenna, Andrew Vesalius,
Leonardo da Vinci, V.Harvey, M.Malpihi,
M.I.Pyrogov, and others.
Theme 3. Development of
Ukrainian anatomical schools
Formation and development of Ukrainian anatomical
schools.
Theme. 4. Kyiv
anatomical school
Formation and development of Kyiv anatomical school.
Contribution of M.I.Kozlov, O.P.Valter,
V.O.Bets, M.A.Tyhomyrov, F.A.Stephanis, M.S.Spirov, I.I.Bobryk in development of Kyiv anatomical school and the
importance of their work for the modern anatomy.
Theme 5. Initial
stages of human embryogenesis
The doctrine of germ layers. Initial
stages of embryogenesis. Germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm and
their derivatives.
Content module 2. Anatomy of
bones
Specific
objectives:
-
Use anatomical terminology to describe the bones of the skeleton, explaining
their topography;
-
Apply anatomical planes and axes to explain the topography of bones and their
parts;
-
Identify and analyze the concept of "bone as the organ";
-
To analyze the mechanisms of bone development in embryogenesis;
-
Apply classification of bones for analysis of the structure of the bones of the
skeleton;
-
Describe and demonstrate the structure of the bones of the trunk, skull and
extremities.
Theme 6. Bone as an organ. Classification of bones.
Bone development in embryogenesis
General information about the skeleton. The development of bone (in the phylogeny and ontogeny). Primary and secondary bone. Classification
of bones. Bone as an organ. Compact
and spongy bone substance, their structure. Chemical
composition, physical and mechanical properties of bone. The structure and parts of a tubular bone. Features of the bone structure of bone in children, youth, mature,
old and very old age. Bone X-ray image. Impact of
sports and labor to build bones. The impact of social
and environmental factors on the development and structure of the bones of the
skeleton.
Theme 7. Anatomical nomenclature. Axes and planes of the body
The concept of international anatomical nomenclature. Its
importance for the study of anatomy and unify the study of natural and clinical
sciences. Basic anatomical terms that reveal the topography
of anatomical objects and their main characteristics.
Anatomical planes (sagittal, frontal /coronal/,
horizontal /axial/) and axis, their characteristics, importance for describtion the bones and their parts.
Theme 8. Anatomy of
the bones of the trunk
The
bones of the skeleton: vertebrae, ribs, sternum. Segmental
principle in the structure of the axial skeleton.
Summary data on phylo - and
ontogeny of the vertebral column. General
characteristics of the backbone. General plan of
structure of the vertebrae. Peculiarities of the
cervical, thoracic, lumbar vertebrae, sacral bone, coccygeal bone. Age and sex characteristics of the structure of the vertebrae.
The impact of social and environmental factors on the structure
of the vertebrae. Malformations vertebrae.
Development of ribs and sternum in phylo-
and ontogenesis. Classification of ribs. The structure of the ribs and sternum. Forms
variability ribs and sternum, variants and abnormalities. Age and sex characteristics of the structure sternum. The impact of social and environmental factors on the structure of
the ribs and sternum.
Theme 9. Anatomy of
the skull bones
Development of the skull in phylo-
and ontogenesis. Neurocranium and facial skull. The structure of the bones that form the neurocranium: frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid,
temporal, ethmoid. The structure of the bones that
form the facial skull: mandible, maxilla, zygomatic,
nasal, palatine, lacrimal, hyoid bone, vomer,
inferior nasal concha. The calvaria,
the external and the internal base of the skull. Anterior,
middle and posterior cranial fossa, orbita, bony
nasal cavity, temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossa. Age and sex
features of skull structure. Variations and anomalies
of the skull bones. Radiography of the skull.
Theme 10. Bones of the
upper and lower extremities
Upper
limb: divisions. The bones of the upper extremity: parts. Pectoral girdle:
clavicle, scapula: structure. Free part of the upper limb: humerus,
bones of the forearm and hand, sesamoid bones.
Ossification terms of the upper limb bones. Development of
bones of the upper limb in ontogeny. Variations and
anomalies of the bones of the upper limb.
Lower
limb: divisions. The bones of the lower extremity: parts. Pelvic girdle: hip
bone, structure. Parts of the coxal bone, structure.
Free part of the lower limb: structure of femur, tibia, fibula, bones of the
foot. Ossification terms of bones of the lower extremity. Development
of bones of the lower limb in ontogeny. Variations and
anomalies of the bones of the lower extremity. Homology bones of the upper and lower extremities. Age, sex structural features of bone fractures. Specific structural features of the bones of the upper and lower
limbs due to processes of anthropology. Influence of sports, work,
social factors and environmental factors on the structure of the bones of the
upper and lower extremities.
Content module 3.
Articulations
Specific
objectives:
-
Identify and analyze the types of articulations;
-
To analyze the development of articulations in phylo-
and ontogenesis;
-
Describe and demonstrate the articulations of the trunk;
-
Describe and demonstrate the articulations of the skull;
-
Describe and demonstrate the articulations of the upper extremities;
-
Describe and demonstrate the articulations of the lower extremities.
Theme 11. Anatomy of
continuous and discontinuous connections of the bones
Development of articulations
in ontogeny.
Development of articulations in phylo- and ontogenesis. Classification
of joints. Types of synarthroses: fibrous
connection (syndesmosis) - membranes, ligaments,
sutures, fontanelles, cartilaginous connection (synchondroses) - permanent, temporary, hyaline, fibrous, symphysis. Synovial joints (diarthroses): the main features of the joint,
characteristic. Additional components of the joints.
Classification of joints in structure, shape the articular surfaces, function.
Simple, compound, complex and combined joints: their characteristics. Types of movements and their analysis (axis of movements, plane of
movements). One-axial, biaxial and multi-axial, types,
characteristic of movements in each type of joint.
Theme 12. The
articulations of the trunk and skull
Classification of joints of the backbone. Syndesmosis of the backbone: characteristics and structure. Synchondroses of the backbone: characteristics and
structure. Joints of the vertebral column: median atlanto-axial
joint, lateral atlanto-axial joint, intervertebral
joints, lumbosacral joint, sacro-coccygeal joint:
structure. The backbone as a whole. Age,
gender pecularities of backbone. Influence of
sports, work, social factors and environmental factors in the backbone.
Joints
of the thorax: syndesmosis, synchondroses
and synovial joints (costovertebral joints, costotransverse joints, sternocostal
joints): characteristics and structure. Thorax as a whole,
structure. Influence of sports, work, social factors and environmental
factors on the structure of the thorax as a whole.
Joints
of the skull: classification. Syndesmosis of skull: suturae, types and characteristics. Synchondroses
of skull: types, characteristics, age features. Joints of skull: temporo-mandibular joint (TMJ) and atlanto-occipital
joint: their structure. Age features: fontanels, their types, structure, ossification terms.
Theme 13. The
articulations of the upper and lower extremities
The connection of the upper extremity bones. Connections
of pectoral girdle: syndesmoses of upper limb girdle
and upper limb joints (sterno-clavicular joint and acromio-clavicular joint), their structure. Joints of the
free upper extremity: shoulder joint, elbow, joints of the forearm, wrist, and
the hand.
Articulations of the lower extremity.
Articulations of the pelvic girdle: syndesmoses,
pubic symphysis, the sacroiliac joint. Pelvis as a
whole: structure, basic dimensions. Age, gender, individual
characteristics of the pelvis. Articulations of the free lower limb: hip
joint, knee, leg bones connection, ankle joint, joints of the foot. Arches of the foot.
Radiography of the upper and lower extremities
articulations. Influence of sports, work, social factors and
environmental factors on the structure of compounds bones of the extremities
articulations.
Practical skills tests and training of
material "Anatomy of the bones and articulations"
Content module 4. Myology
Specific
objectives:
-
Identify and analyze the concept of "muscle as the body";
-
Analyze the classification of skeletal muscle topography, development,
structure, shape etc.
-
To analyze the development of skeletal muscle in phylo-
and ontogenesis;
-
Describe and demonstrate the muscles and fasciae of the body;
-
Describe and demonstrate the muscles and fasciae of the head and neck;
-
Describe and demonstrate the muscles and fasciae of the upper extremities;
-
Describe and demonstrate the muscles and fasciae of the lower extremities.
Theme 14. Muscle as a organ. Classification
of muscles. Development of skeletal muscle
Muscle as an organ - definition. Tendon, aponeurosis. Auxiliary
aids of muscle: fascia, synovial sheath, synovial bursa, sesamoid
bone, tendon arch and muscle power. Anatomical and physiological widths of
muscles: basic information about the strength and muscle performance, the
concept of leverage. Insertion and attachment of muscles: their functional
characteristics.
Classification
of muscles: the development, topography, shape, size, direction of muscle
fibers, function and so on.
Development
of the muscles in phylo- and ontogenesis. Sources
of the muscles of the trunk, head, neck, upper and lower extremities.
Theme 15. Anatomy of
the muscles and fascia of the trunk
Classification of muscles of the trunk by topography,
development and shape. Segmental structure of the
muscles of the trunk.
Muscles
of the back: superficial and deep, their characteristics. Thoraco-lumbar fascia.
The
muscles of the chest: superficial and deep, their characteristics. Thoracic fascia, intrathoracic fascia.
Abdominal
muscles: muscles of the anterior, lateral and posterior walls of the abdomen, their
characteristics. Abdominal fascia. Linea alba. Umbilical ring. Prelum abdominale. Topography of abdomen.
Inguinal canal. Vagina of rectus abdominis muscle.
Diaphragm
- definition. Parts of diaphragm, apertures, content,
triangles.
Theme 16. Anatomy of the muscles and fascia of the head and neck.
Topography of the neck
Muscles
of the head: classification. Masticatory muscles and their
characteristics. Muscles of facial expression. Classification of face muscles and characteristics. The fascia of the head.
Muscles
of the neck: classification. Superficial, middle and deep
neck muscles and their characteristics. Fascia of the neck: anatomic
classification and anatomical-topographical classification. Topography of the
neck: areas, triangles, spaces.
Theme 17. Anatomy of the muscles and fasciae of the upper and lower
extremities. Topography of the upper and lower extremities
Muscles of the upper limb: classification. Muscles of the pectoral girdle, characteristics. Muscles of the
arm: classification, characteristics. Forearm muscles: classification and
characteristics. Muscles of the hand: classification, characteristics. The fasciae of the upper limb. Axillary
fossa, axillary cavity, topography, triangles, quadrilateral and trilateral
openings. Humeromuscular canal. Grooves of the arm. Cubital fossa.
Grooves of the forearm. Osteo-fibrous
canals, retinaculum flexorum, retinaculum extensorum. Carpal canal, synovial sheath of flexor muscles
tendons. Synovial bursae.
Muscles of the lower limb: classification.
Muscles of the pelvic girdle: classification and their characteristics. Muscles
of the of the thigh: classification and their
characteristics. Muscles of the leg: classification and their characteristics.
The muscles of the foot: classification and characteristics. Fasciae
of lower extremity. Muscular and vascular lacunae,
topography and content. Femoral triangle. Adductor canal. Popliteal fossa.
Canals of leg: cruro-popliteal canal, upper and lower
musculo-crural canals. Grooves of
the foot. Hiatus saphenus.
Femoral canal. Retinaculum flexorum,
retinaculum extensorum, retinaculum of peroneal
muscles. Synovial sheath, synovial bursae
and muscles of the lower limb. Mechanisms that support the arch of the
foot: tightening the foot, passive (ligaments) and active (muscles).
Analysis of key
positions and movements of the human body (standing, walking, running,
jumping). Salient features of the structure of the motor apparatus
rights acquired in connection with bipedal locomotion.
Age, sex and
individual characteristics of skeletal muscles. Influence of sports,
work, social factors and environmental factors on the structure of skeletal
muscles of the trunk and extremities.
Module 2. Splanchnology.
Central nervous system and sensory organs
Content module 5. Anatomy of
the digestive system
Specific objectives:
- Analyze the classification of internal organs;
- Determine the general plan of the structure of tubular
organs and organ-evaluate structural features inherent tubular organ due to its
function.
- Determine the general plan structure parenchymal
organs;
- To analyze the development of the digestive system in
embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the digestive
system;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the digestive
system.
Theme 1. Introduction to splanchnology. Classification of internal organs. Common
structural patterns of tubular organs. Common structural patterns of
parenchymal organs
Classification of internal organs: tubular and
parenchymal. General plan of structure of tubular wall: mucosa, muscular coat,
outer coat. Characteristics of each coat. Organ-specific structural features of the mucous membranes,
depending on the function of the organ. Serosa: options related organs
to the peritoneum. Common structural patterns of parenchymal
organs. Glands: classification, general principles of the structure,
functions.
Theme 2. General anatomy of the digestive system. Embryogenesis
of the digestive system. Anomalies and variants of the digestive system
Digestive system: organs and function. Development
of the oral cavity and its derivatives. Development of
the gastrointestinal tract. The development of the
liver and pancreas. Primary and secondary body cavity.
Sources of serous membranes. Development
of the peritoneum. Structural mechanisms of defects of
the mouth and its derivatives. Anomalies and variants
of development of the gastrointestinal tract, liver and pancreas.
Theme 3. Anatomy of the
oral cavity and its derivatives
Mouth: its parts. Walls of oral vestible and proper oral, communications.
Teeth. Parts
of the tooth. Surface of the crown. General structure of the teeth. Periodontium, paradontium.
Gums. Permanent teeth: their formula, description of
each tooth. Terms eruption of permanent teeth. Milk
teeth: formula, structural features, terms of eruption. Radiography
of teeth. Occlusion. Development
of teeth. Anomalies and variants of the teeth.
Palate: hard palate, soft palate, their structure. Tonsils. Tongue: parts. Mucosa, tongue
muscles.
Mouth glands: classification, their development. Minor
salivary gland: classification, topography, structure. Major
salivary glands, topography, characteristics, structure, classification.
Theme 4. Anatomy of
the gastrointestinal tract
Pharynx, its topography, parts, connections. Fauces. Lymphatic (lymphoid) ring of the pharynx. The structure of
the pharyngeal wall: mucosa, pharyngeal-basilar fascia, muscles of the pharynx,
the outer coat.
Esophagus: topography, parts, structure, wall. Narrowing of the esophagus. Radiography of
the esophagus.
Stomach: topography of the stomach. The structure of the
stomach wall: structural features of the mucosa (topography, gland), muscular
layer and serosa. Radiological and gastroscopic
characteristic of mucosa.
Relation of the stomach to the peritoneum. Relations stomach. Variations of shape of
stomach anatomy (on the corpse) and x-ray (a living person). The shape of the stomach, depending on the type of body structure.
Age features of the topography and the structure stomach.
Small intestine, its departments. Duodenum:
parts, topography, variations of shape and position. Radiography
of the duodenum. Topography of mesenteric parts of small intestine:
jejunum and ileum. The structure of the wall of the small
intestine. The structure of the mucosa: intestinal villi, glands, folds,
lymphatic (lymphoid) nodules. Peculiarities of the mucosa of
the small intestine in various departments. The
structure of the muscular coat. Relation to the
peritoneum of each division of the small intestine. Age-related
structural features of the small intestine.
Large intestine: departments. The structure of the wall
of the large intestine: mucosa (glands, folds, lymphatic (lymphoid) nodules),
tunica muscularis, serosa. Relation
to the peritoneum of each part of large intestine. Cecum and appendix:
topography, structural features. Variants position of the appendix, projection
to the anterior abdominal wall. Colon: parts, bends, their topography,
structural features of the mucous membrane and muscular coat. Relation to the peritoneum. Rectum: parts, bends,
topography. Features, topography of the rectum, depending on
gender. Features of the structure of the mucous
membrane and muscular coat. Relation to the
peritoneum. Anal canal: topography, structural features of the mucosa
and muscle membranes. Sphincters of anus.
Macroscopic structural differences of small
and large intestine.
Age-related features of the structure of the large
intestine.
Radiography of the large intestine. The shape and position of parts of the colon in a living human.
Theme 5. Anatomy
large digestive glands, liver and pancreas
Liver. Topography.
External structure, the landmarks, topography. Relations of the liver. Relation to the
peritoneum. The internal structure of the liver: lobes, segments,
lobules. The vessels of the liver. The
functions of the liver.
Ways of bile secretion. Gallbladder: topography, parts,
wall structure, functions. The common bile duct: formation, topography.
Age features of topography and structure of the liver.
Age-related features of the structure of the gall bladder.
Pancreas: parts, topography, structure, functions. Pancreatic duct. Langerhans islets.
Age features of the topography and structure of the
pancreas.
Theme 6. Anatomy of
the peritoneum
Peritoneum. Abdominal
cavity and its contents. Peritoneal cavity and its
contents. Parietal peritoneum, visceral peritoneum: their
characterization. Variants of relation of the internal organs
and peritoneum. Derivative peritoneum: mesentery, omentum,
ligament - structure and function. Derivative of peritoneal cavity: bursae (hepatic, tregastric, omental - their wall and connections), sinuses, canals and
recesses. Topography of the peritoneum in the pelvic cavity: sexual
characteristics. Topography parietal peritoneum on the
anterior, posterior wall of the abdominal cavity.
Content module 6. Anatomy of
the respiratory system
Specific objectives:
- To analyze the development of the respiratory system in
embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variations of the respiratory
system;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the
respiratory system.
Theme 7. General anatomy of the respiratory system. Embryogenesis of
the respiratory system
Respiratory system: organs,
function. The upper and lower airways. Development of
the respiratory system in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variations
and anomalies of the respiratory system.
Theme 8. Anatomy of
the respiratory organs
External nose: parts, structure. Nasal cavity: vestibule,
nasal meatus, paranasal sinuses. The
functional part of the nasal cavity. Nasal part of the
pharynx. Age features of the nasal cavity.
Larynx. Topography.
The structure of the larynx: cartilages, ligaments, joints and muscles. Elastic
cone, quadrangular
membrane. Larynx: parts, their boundaries. Vocal folds,
vestibular folds. Glottis. Mechanisms
of phonation. Radiography of the larynx, laryngoscopy.
Age features of the larynx.
Trachea: parts, topography, structure wall. The principal
bronchi: topography, structure of wall. Bronchial tree.
Age features of the trachea and principal bronchi.
Lungs: topography, external structure. Hilum
of lungs. The root of the lungs and its components.
Lobes, segments, lobules the lung. Acinus. Circulatory
system of the lungs. Radiography of trachea, bronchi,
lungs. Age features of the lungs.
Pleura. Parietal
pleura and its topographical parts. Visceral pleura.
Pleural cavity: content, recesses, their functional significance.
Projection of the pleura on the walls of the
thorax.
Mediastinum: definition and limits. Organs
of the anterior mediastinum. Organs of posterior
mediastinum.
Content module 7. Anatomy of
the urinary system
Specific objectives:
- To analyze the development of the urinary system in
embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the organs of the
urinary system;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the urinary
system.
Theme 9. General anatomy of the urinary system. Embryogenesis
of the urinary system. Anomalies and variants of the urinary system
Urinary system: organs and function. Development of the
urinary system in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variations and
abnormalities of the urinary system: kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.
Theme 10. Anatomy of
the urinary system
Kidney: topography of the right and left kidney. The outer structure of the kidney. The
ratio of kidney to the peritoneum. Coats
of kidney. Fixing apparatus of kidneys. Topography elements of renal leg. The
internal structure of the kidney. Segments of kidney.
Nephron - structural and functional unit of the kidney. The
structure of the circulatory system of the kidney. Urinary
tract. Small renal calyx, major renal calyx, pelvis,
wall structure, functions. Radiography of kidney.
Age features of topography and structure of the kidney.
Ureter: parts, topography, structure of wall, function. Relation to the peritoneum. Narrowing of
the ureter.
Bladder: form, external structure, parts. Features topography in men and women. The structure of the
wall of the bladder: structural features of the mucosa, muscle layer. Relation to the peritoneum (depending on the functional state).
Female urethra. The
male urethra.
Radiography of urinary tract (ureters,
bladder, urethra).
Age features of the bladder.
Content module 8. Anatomy of
the reproductive system
Specific objectives:
- To analyze the development of the female reproductive
system in embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variations of the female
reproductive system;
- To analyze the development of the male reproductive
system in embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of development of the
male reproductive system;
- Describe and demonstrate on preparations structure of
the internal and external female genitalia;
- Describe and demonstrate on preparations structure of
internal and external male genitalia.
Theme 11. General anatomy of the male reproductive system. Embryogenesis of the male reproductive system. Variations
and anomalies of development of the male reproductive system
Male reproductive system: organs,
function. Classification of the male reproductive system.
Internal male genitalia. External
male genitalia. The development of the male reproductive system in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variations and anomalies
of the internal male genitals: testicle, epididymis, ductus
deferens, seminal vesicles, the prostate gland. Variations
and anomalies of the external male genitalia. Hermaphroditism.
Theme 12. Anatomy of
the male reproductive system
Internal male genitalia. Testis:
topography, structure. Epididymis. Descent
of the testicles. Tunics of testicles. Ductus deferens: parts, topography, structure of wall. Spermatic cord and components. Seminal vesicles: topography,
structure, functions. Ejaculatory duct. Prostate:
topography, parts, structure, functions. Bulbourethral gland.
Age features internal male genitalia.
External male genitalia. Scrotum. Penis, structure. Male
urethra: parts, their topography, structure of wall.
Theme 13. General anatomy of the female reproductive system. Embryogenesis of the female reproductive system.
Variants and abnormalities of the female reproductive system
Female reproductive system: organs,
function. Classification of the female reproductive system.
The internal female genital organs. The
external female genital organs. The development of the female
reproductive system in phylo- and ontogenesis. Variations and anomalies
of the internal female reproductive organs: the ovaries, fallopian tubes,
uterus, vagina. Variations and anomalies of the external
female genitalia.
Theme 14. Anatomy of the female reproductive system. Perineum
The internal female sex organs. Ovary:
topography, external structure, internal structure, relationships ovary and
peritoneum. Cyclic changes in the structure of the ovary. Age-related
structural features of the ovary.
Fallopian tubes: topography, parts, wall structure,
relation to the peritoneum, functions.
Uterus: topography, shape, part, structure of wall.
Relations uterus related to the peritoneum, functions. Age-related features of
the structure of the uterus and options for its position.
Vagina: fornix, wall structure.
Radiography of internal female genitalia.
The external female genital organs. Female pudendal area: mons pubis, major
labia, minor labia, bulb of the vaginal vestibule, large vestibular gland,
small vestibular gland. Clitoris. Female
urethra.
Perineum: definition, topography. Urogenital diaphragm:
boundaries, muscles, fasciae, sexual differences. Pelvic diaphragm: boundaries,
muscles, fasciae. Ischiorectal (anorectal)
fossa: boundaries, content.
Content module 9. Anatomy of
the immune and endocrine systems
Specific objectives:
- Identify common patterns of structure and function of
the central organs of the immune system (lymph or primary lymphoid organs);
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the immune
system;
- Identify genaral patterns of
structure and function of the endocrine system;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the endocrine
system.
Theme 15. General
anatomy of the central and peripheral organs of the immune system
Immune system: functions. Classification
of immune (lymphatic or lymphoid) system function. The central
authorities of the immune system (primary lymphoid organs or lymph): bone
marrow, thymus - structural patterns of their functions.
Peripheral organs of the immune system (lymph or
secondary lymphoid organs): structural patterns of their functions.
The development of the immune system in
embryogenesis.
Theme 16. Anatomy of
the immune system
The central organs of the immune system
(primary lymphatic or lymphoid organs). Red
bone marrow. Yellow bone marrow. Topography,
structure, functions. Age features of the bone marrow. Thymus: topography,
structure, functions. Age features of the thymus.
Peripheral organs of the immune system (lymph
or secondary lymphoid organs). Spleen: topography, structure,
functions. Lymphatic (lymphoid) ring of pharynx: tonsils that form it, topography,
structure, functions. Lymph nodes: classification, structure, functions. Solitarii lymphoid nodules: topography, structure,
functions. Aggregated lymphoid nodules: topography, structure, functions.
Aggregated lymphoid nodules of the appendix: topography, structure, functions.
Age-related features of the structure of the peripheral immune system.
Theme 17. General
anatomy of endocrine organs
General principles of the structure of
endocrine organs. Definition of
"endocrine function." Structural mechanisms
of action of hormones. Classification of endocrine
organs.
Development of endocrine organs in
embryogenesis. Features of functional activity of
endocrine organs in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis. Variations and malformations of endocrine organs.
Theme 18. Anatomy of
the Endocrine System
Thyroid gland: topography, structure, functions.
Parathyroid gland: topography, structure, functions.
Adrenal gland: structure, functions. Topography
of the right and left adrenal glands.
The endocrine portion of the pancreas: structure,
function.
Pituitary gland: topography, parts, structure, functions.
The pineal gland: topography, structure, functions.
Content module 10. Anatomy of
Spinal Cord
Specific objectives:
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of the CNS;
- To analyze the development of the CNS in phylo- and ontogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the spinal cord and
brain;
- Describe and demonstrate the external and internal
structure of the spinal cord.
Theme 19. Introduction to CNS. General principles of
the structure of reflex arcs. Gray and white matter of
the CNS. The development of the central nervous system in ontogenesis
and phylogenesis
The leading role of the nervous system in the
body, its importance for the integration of the systems of the body in a single
organism, in establishing the relationship of the body with the environment. Classification of nervous system according to location (central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system), anatomical and functional
approach (somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system). The general principle of the structure of a neuron. Morphological and functional classification of neurons. Receptors and their classification. General
plan of structure of synapses. Reflex arc. Gray matter of the CNS. Glia. Principles of spatial organization of the gray matter of CNS.
Nervous ganglia. White matter of the
CNS. Nerve fibers, nerve bundles, roots.
Stages of development of the nervous system
in phylogeny. The development of the nervous system
in ontogenesis. The development of the spinal cord in
embryogenesis. Brain development in embryogenesis: stage of three and
five cerebral vesicles and their derivatives. Anomalies of
the spinal cord. Abnormalities of brain development.
Theme 20. External and internal structure of the spinal cord.
Structure of the spinal nerve
Topography of the spinal cord and its limits. The outer structure of the spinal cord (surface, grooves, funiculi, enlargement). Segmental
structure of the spinal cord. The relation between the vertebrae and
spinal cord segments (law of Shypo). The internal structure of the spinal cord, the central canal, gray
and white matter. The structure of the posterior,
lateral and anterior horns of the spinal cord. White matter:
classification. Composition of the posterior, lateral and
anterior funiculi. Own
segmental apparatus of spinal cord. Sensory spinal
ganglion. Anterior and posterior roots. Formation of spinal nerve trunk. Age-related
structural features of the spinal cord.
Content module 11. Anatomy of
the brain
Specific objectives:
- Analyze the classification of the brain for anatomical
principles and development;
- Describe and demonstrate the external and internal
structure of the brain.
Theme 21. Brain development in embryogenesis. Anatomy derivatives of rhombencephalon and midbrain
The brain. Parts of the brain:
the forebrain, cerebellum, brainstem. Classification of the
brain for development. Derivative rhombencephalon:
medulla oblongata and hindbrain (pons and cerebellum).
Medulla oblongata: borders, external structure. Internal
structure: gray and white matter.
Bridge: external structure. Internal structure: gray and
white matter.
Cerebellum: Topography, external structure. Internal
structure: gray and white matter. Composition of cerebellar
peduncles.
Rhomboid fossa: formation, boundaries, topography.
Projection of cranial nerves nuclei on the surface of the rhomboid fossa.
Fourth ventricle: wall and connections.
Midbrain, its parts. Lamina tecti: external structure, internal structure: the gray and
white matter. Cerebral peduncles, parts, internal structure: the gray and white
matter. Cerebral aqueduct.
Theme 22. Anatomy
derivatives of forebrain
Derivative of forebrain: the diencephalon, the telencephalon.
Diencephalon: parts (dorsal - thalamencephalon,
ventral part – the hypothalamus). Parts of thalamencephalon:
the thalamus, epithalamus, metatalamus.
Thalamus: external structure. Internal structure: nuclei and their functions. Epithalamus: parts. The pineal gland and
its functions. Metatalamus: parts and their
functions. Hypothalamus, components. Pituitary gland. The nuclei of the
hypothalamus, their functions. Hypothalamic-pituitary
system. Third ventricle: wall and connections.
Telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere. Corpus
callosum, fornix, anterior commissure. Olfactory brain: parts and their
components. Basal nuclei: topography, parts, functions. Pallium. Cortex of the
brain: cyto- and myeloarchitectonic of cortex. Researches of V.O.Bets. The relief of the cerebral hemispheres:
sulci and gyri. Morphological basis
of dynamic localization of functions in the cerebral hemispheres. White
matter of hemispheres: classification. Associative fiber: classification,
function. Commissural fibers, their functions.
Projection fibers: Classification. Internal capsule: parts, topography pathways
in each part. Lateral ventricles: parts, their topography, wall, connections.
Age-related features of the structure of the brain.
Theme 23. Pathways of
Central Nervous
System
Pathways - definition. Anatomical and functional
classification of pathways of the central nervous system: associative pathway
(short and long), commissural paths projection paths (ascending and
descending). Ascending (afferent) pathways: exteroceptive, proprioceptive, interoceptive.
Descending (efferent) pathways: pyramidal, extrapyramidal, cortico-pontine. Pyramidal motor system (centers,
pathways). Extrapyramidal system (centers, pathways).
Theme 24. Meninges of spinal cord and brain. Formation and circulation
of cerebrospinal fluid
Meninges of spinal cord. Spaces between membranes and their contents. Meninges of the brain. Dura mater. Processes of dura mater. Sinuses of dura mater. Spaces between the membranes. Formation
and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid.
Content module 12. Sense organs
Specific objectives:
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of the sensory organs;
- To analyze the development of the sensory organs in phylo- and ontogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the sensory organs;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the eyeball
and additional structures of the eye;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the external
ear, middle ear and inner ear.
Theme 25. Anatomy of
the sensory organs
Anatomical and functional characteristics of
the sensory organs. Peripheral receptors, pathways and cortical analyzers,
their functional unity. Organ of smell. Olfactory part of the nasal mucosa. Pathways
of olfactory analyzer. Organ of taste. Taste
papillae of the tongue, their topography. Pathways taste analyzer.
Skin: function. Types of skin
sensitivity. Mammary gland.
Theme 26. Eye and
related structures
Filo- and ontogeny of the eye. Anomalies and variants of the eye. Eyeball: topography,
structure, functions. Coats of eyeball: fibrous, vascular, inner (retina).
Chambers of eyeball: anterior, posterior. Vitreous body,
lens. Aqueous humor: the place of formation, circulation. Accommodative apparatus of the eye. Additional structures of
the eye: eyelids, eyebrows, conjunctiva, external muscles of the eyeball,
fascia of orbit. Lacrimal apparatus. Pathways of visual analyzer. Pathways of
pupillary reflex.
Theme 27. Anatomy of
the ear
Ear. Filo-
and ontogenesis. Anomalies of the ear. Parts of
the ear: outer, middle and inner ear. Outer ear, structural
parts. Middle ear. Tympanic cavity: walls, content. Auditiry ossicles, structure. Joints, ligaments, muscles of auditory ossicles.
The communications of the tympanic cavity. Auditory
tube: parts, structure. Inner ear - topography. Bony labyrynth:
vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea, their structure. Membranous labyrinth:
vestibular labyrinth, semicircular ducts. The mechanism of
perception and ways of sound. Pathways of hearing and
balance.
Module 3. Heart. The vessels and nerves of head, neck, trunk and
extremities
Content module 13. The cranial
nerves
Specific
objectives:
-
Analyze the classification of cranial nerves.
-
Identify the general principles of the structure of the cranial nerves of
different origin.
-
To analyze the general structure of autonomic ganglia of the head.
-
Describe and demonstrate the structure of the I-XII pairs of cranial nerves.
Theme 1. Classification of cranial nerves. General anatomy of
autonomic ganglia of the head
General characteristics of the cranial nerves. Common features and differences in the structure of the cranial and
spinal nerves. Classification of cranial nerves
function (motor, sensory, mixed). Classification of
cranial nerve origin. The development of the cranial nerves due to the
sensory organs (I, II,
VIII pair), myotoms of head somites (III, IV, VI, XII pairs), gill arches (V, VII, IX,
X, XI pairs). Structural differences of the cranial
nerves, brain derivatives (I, II CN) from the rest of the cranial nerves.
General plan of structure of motor, sensory and mixed cranial
nerves. General plan of structure of autonomic ganglia of the head:
roots and branches.
Theme 2. Anatomy of
I-XII cranial nerves
Anatomy
of cranial nerves: the nuclei, their localization, the output of the nerve
cord, nerve branches, the composition of fibers, topography, areas of
innervation. I, II pairs of cranial nerves. IV, VI CN: output nerves from the brain,
from the skull, areas of innervation. III pair of cranial nerves: nuclei,
output nerve from the brain from the skull, branches, the composition of their
fibers, areas of innervation, links with autonomic ganglia (ciliary
ganglion). V pair of cranial nerves: intracranial part – nuclei, ganglion, sensory
and motor roots. Branches of V CN: fibers exit from the skull, areas of
innervation, links with autonomic ganglia of the head. VII CN and intermediate
nerve: nucleus, topography, branches, the composition of their fibers, areas of
innervation. Links intermediate nerve branches with autonomic ganglia of head (pterygopalatine, submandibulars, sublingual). Anatomy of VIII CN: parts, sensitive ganglia,
topography. IX pair CN: nuclei, output nerve of the brain from the skull,
branches, the composition of their fibers, areas of innervation, connections
with autonomic ganglia of the head (otic ganglion). X
pair CN: nuclei, ganglia, exit the nerve of the brain from the skull, branches,
areas of innervation. XI CN: nuclei, output nerve from
the brain, from the skull, areas of innervation. XII CN: nuclei, output nerve
from the brain, from the skull, areas of innervation. Autonomic ganglia of the
head (pterygopalatine, ciliary,
submandibular, sublingual, otic): roots and branches,
areas of innervations.
Content module 14. Anatomy of
the heart
Specific objectives:
- To analyze the development of the heart in phylo- and ontogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variations of the heart;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the heart;
- Describe the systemic and pulmonary circulation, fetal
circulation.
Theme 3. Introduction
to the cardiovascular system
Anatomy of the heart. Systemic circulation and pulmonary circulation. Fetal circulation. General principles of
the structure and function of the cardiovascular system. Components of
cardiovascular system: arteries, veins, vessels of microcirculatory channel.
Lymphatic vessels, the principles of their structure, function. Topography of heart. The shape, position
of the heart. External structure of the heart.
Chambers of the heart: structure. Heart valves. The
structure of the heart wall: endocardium, myocardium, epicardium.
Conducting system of the heart. Arteries
and veins of the heart. Pericardium, structure,
pericardial cavity, content, sinuses. Boundaries of
the heart and valves on the front wall of the chest cavity. Developmental anatomy of the heart. Systemic
circulation and pulmonary circulation. Fetal
circulation.
Theme 4. The development of the heart in embryogenesis.
Anomalies and variations of the heart
The development of the heart in the
phylogeny. Stages of development of the heart in
human embryogenesis. Variations and anomalies of the
heart. Structural mechanisms of cardiac anomalies.
Content module 15. The vessels
of the head and neck
Specific objectives:
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of the cardiovascular system.
- Describe and demonstrate the arterial vessels of the
head and neck.
- Describe and demonstrate the veins of the head and
neck.
- Identify the lymphatic vessels and nodes of the head
and neck.
- To analyze the source of blood supply and innervation
of the head and neck.
Theme 5. Arterial
vessels of the head and neck
Aorta, parts of the aorta. Aortic arch
and its branches. Common carotid artery: topography, branches. Features of right and left common carotid arteries. External
carotid artery: topography, classification of branches. The branches of the
external carotid artery: topography, areas of blood supply. The internal
carotid artery: parts, their topography. The branches of the internal carotid
artery: topography, areas of blood supply. Subclavian
artery: parts, their topography. Features of right and left subclavian artery. The branches of the subclavian artery: topography, areas of blood supply. Blood
supply of the brain and spinal cord. Arterial circle of the
brain. Intersystem arterial anastomoses in the region of the head and
neck.
Theme 6. Venous
vessels of the head and neck
Internal jugular vein: formation, topography,
classification tributaries. Intracranial tributaries, extracranial tributaries of the internal jugular vein.
Pterygoid plexus: topography, formation. Anastomoses between intracranial and extracranial
tributaries internal jugular vein. External jugular vein: formation,
topography, tributaries. Anterior jugular vein: formation, topography,
tributaries. Jugular venous arch: topography, formation. Brachiocephalic vein:
roots, topography, tributaries. Superior vena cava: roots, topography,
tributaries.
Theme 7. Anatomy of
the lymph trunks and lymph ducts
Thoracic duct: roots, topography, tributary, confluence
with venous system. Right lymphatic duct: roots, topography, confluence with
venous system.
Theme 8. Anatomy of
the lymph vessels and nodes of the head and neck
Jugular trunks: formation, topography, land collecting
lymph confluence to the lymph ducts.
Lymph nodes of the head: classification, topography, land
collecting lymph, lymph drainage ways.
Lymph nodes of the neck: classification, topography, land
collecting lymph, lymph drainage ways.
Theme 9. Vessels and
innervation of the head and neck
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic
drainage) and innervation of the head and neck: oral mucosa, soft palate,
tongue, upper and lower teeth, pharynx, tonsils, parotid gland, submandibular
gland, sublingual gland, mucous membrane of the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx,
thyroid gland, eyeball, lacrimal gland, the external muscles of the eyeball, the
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear, the brain, the cerebellum, brainstem,
meninges of brain, masticatory muscles, facial muscles, neck muscles, skin,
face, temporomandibular joint.
Content module 16. The vessels
and nerves of the trunk
Specific objectives:
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of blood vessels;
- Analyze the source and mechanism of the arteries in
embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the arteries;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the arteries
of the thorax, abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity;
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of the veins;
- Analyze the source and mechanism of the veins in
embryogenesis;
- Analyze anomalies and variants of the veins;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the veins of
the body;
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
function of lymphatic vessels;
- Identify the general principles of the structure and function
of the autonomic peripheral nervous system;
- To analyze the source of blood supply and innervation
of the thorax, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.
Theme 10. General
anatomy of blood vessels
Anatomical classification arteries (paracardiac, trunk, extraorgan
and intraorgan). Classification
of arteries according to wall structure. Types of
arteries branching. Key patterns of frterial distribution arteries in body. Arterial intersystem and intrasystemic
anastomoses. Sources and mechanisms of developmtnt of arteries. Arterial arches and their
derivatives. Variations and anomalies of the great arteries.
Works of M.A.Tyhomyrov. Vessels of microcirculatory channel, structure and function of
walls. Sources and mechanisms of vascular microcirculatory channel. Works of human anatomy department of NMU Bogomolets.
Organospecific microcirculatory channel. The concept of
collateral paths (bypass) of blood. Age features of arteries. Radiography of arteries.
Theme 11. The arteries
of the thorax, abdominal cavity
and pelvic
cavity
Aorta and its parts. Thoracic
aorta: topography, classification of branches. The branches
of the thoracic aorta and area of supplying. Internal thoracic artery (a
branch of the subclavian artery): topography,
branches, areas of blood supply. Intersystem and intrasystemic
arterial anastomoses.
The abdominal aorta: topography, classification of
branches. Parietal branches of the abdominal aorta: topography, areas of blood
supply. Visceral branches of the abdominal aorta: odd and paired. Paired visceral branches of the abdominal aorta: topography and
areas of blood supply. Odd visceral branches of the abdominal aorta:
topography and areas of blood supply. Intersystem arterial anastomoses between
the branches of the abdominal aorta.
Common iliac artery: formation, topography, branches.
Internal iliac artery: topography, classification of branches. Parietal and
viscera branches of the internal iliac artery: topography, areas of blood
supply, internal and intersystem arterial anastomoses.
Theme 12. General anatomy of the veins. The veins of
the trunk. Intersystem and intrasystemic
venous anastomoses
Anatomical classification veins (paracardiac,
trunk, extraorgan, intraorgan).
Classification veins according to structure of the wall. Roots
and tributary of veins. Superficial veins, deep veins. Venous plexus. Sources and mechanisms of
the main veins developmetn. Variations
and anomalies of the main veins. Works of M.A.Tyhomyrov. Age features of veins. Radiography of veins.
Superior vena cava: roots, tributaries, topography. Azygos vein: formation, topography, classification of
tributaries, areas of collecting venous blood. Hemiazygos
vein: formation, topography, classification of tributaries, areas of collecting
venous blood. Veins of the spinal column.
Inferior vena cava: roots, topography, classification
tributaries. Parietal and visceral tributaries of the inferior vena cava,
venous blood collection sites.
Portal hepatic vein: roots, topography, tributaries.
Superior mesenteric vein: topography, tributaries, areas of collecting the venous blood.
Inferior mesenteric vein: topography, tributaries, areas of collecting venous
blood. Splenic vein: topography, tributaries, areas of collecting venous blood.
Branching of portal hepatic veins in the liver.
Common iliac vein: roots topography. Internal iliac vein:
topography, tributaries. Venous plexus of the pelvis.
Venous intersystem anastomoses. Venous anastomoses: cava-caval
anastomoses, porto-caval anastomoses and cava-porto-caval anastomoses.
Theme 13. General
anatomy of the lymphatic vessels
Classification of lymph vessels. Lymphatic
capillaries: wall structure and function. Lymph postcapillars:
wall structure and function. Lymphatic vessels (intraorgan
and extraorgan): wall structure and function. Superficial and deep lymph vessels. Lymphatic trunks:
jugular, subclavian, broncho-mediastinal,
lumbar, intestinal - their formation, topography, function. Lymph ducts: the
thoracic duct, right lymphatic duct. Development of lymph
vessels in embryogenesis. Variations and anomalies of
the lymphatic ducts. Work of Kyiv anatomical school. Age-related
structural features of lymphatic vessels.
Lymph nodes. Lymph nodes of the
thorax: classification. Ways lymph drainage from the lungs,
heart, esophagus. Lymph nodes of the abdominal cavity: classification. Lymphatic vessels and regional lymph nodes of the stomach, small
intestine, colon, liver, kidney, uterus, ovaries. Lymph pelvic cavity:
classification. Ways of lymph drainage from the pelvic organs. Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the upper extremity.
Lymph nodes of the upper limb: classification. Ways of lymph drainage from the
breast. Superficial and deep lymphatic vessels of the lower
limbs. Lymph nodes of lower limb: classification.
Theme 14. Anatomy of
an autonomic part of the peripheral nervous system
General regularities of the structure and
function of the autonomic peripheral nervous system (autonomic nervous system). Morphological differences of the structure of the somatic nervous
system and autonomic nervous system. Morphological
differences in the structure of the reflex arc of the somatic nervous system
and autonomic nervous system. The sympathetic and parasympathetic parts
of the autonomic nervous system: morphological, functional differences, objects
of innervation. Centers autonomic nervous system in the brain
and spinal cord. Peripheral division of the autonomic nervous system:
autonomic ganglia, nerves, autonomic plexus. Classification
of autonomic ganglia, their topography, preganglionic and postganglionic nerve
fibers.
The sympathetic part of autonomic nervous
system. Centers in the spinal cord.
Sympathetic trunk: topography, classification of ganglia, interganglionic
branches. White and gray communicating branches: formation, topography. The branches of the cervical sympathetic trunk ganglia, their
topography and areas of innervation. Sympathetic roots of autonomic
ganglia of the head. Branches of the thoracic sympathetic
trunk ganglia, their topography, areas of innervation. Branches of the lumbar sympathetic trunk ganglia, their topography,
areas of innervation. The branches of the sacral
sympathetic trunk ganglia, their topography, areas of innervation.
Parasympathetic division of the autonomic
nervous system. Cranial portion: autonomic ganglia of the head, their
topography, roots, branches, areas of innervations. Pelvic
part. Visceral plexuses: craniocervical part,
thoracic part, abdominal part and pelvic part.
Craniocervical part: common
carotid plexus, internal carotid plexus, external carotid plexus, subclavian plexus - their formation, areas of innervation.
Thoracic part: thoracic aortic plexus, cardiac plexus,
esophageal plexus, pulmonary plexus - formation, areas of innervation.
Abdominal part: abdominal aortic plexus: its secondary
plexuses, their topography and ganglia, areas of innervation. Sources of formation, composition of fibers abdominal aortic
plexus.
Pelvic part of visceral plexus: superior hypogastric plexus, inferior hypogastric
plexus. Inferior hypogastric plexus: its secondary
plexuses, their topography, areas of innervation. Sources of
formation, composition of fibers inferior hypogastric
plexus.
Theme 15. Vessels and
innervation of organs and the walls of the thorax, abdominal cavity and pelvic
cavity
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic
drainage) and innervation of the walls and viscera of the thorax: anterior,
posterior and lateral walls of the thorax, diaphragm, trachea, bronchi, lungs,
pleura, heart, pericardium and esophagus.
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic
drainage) and innervation of the wall and viscera of the abdominal cavity:
anterior, posterior and lateral walls of the abdominal cavity, spinal cord,
liver, gallbladder, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, empty and ileum), large
intestine ,pancreas, kidneys, adrenal glands, spleen.
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic
drainage) and innervation of the walls and and
viscera of the pelvic cavity: the walls of the pelvis, perineum, ureter,
bladder, urethra, ovaries, uterus, fallopian tubes, vagina, external female
genitalia, testes, ejaculatory ducts, seminal vesicles, prostate, external male
genitalia.
Content module 17. The vessels
and nerves of the upper and lower extremities
Specific objectives:
- Describe and demonstrate the vessels of the upper
extremities;
- Describe and demonstrate the vessels of the lower
extremities;
- Identify the general principles of the structure and
functions of the peripheral nervous system;
- Describe and demonstrate the structure of the somatic
nerve plexus;
- To analyze the source of blood supply and innervation
of the skin, muscles and joints of the upper extremity;
- To analyze the source of blood supply and innervation
of the skin, muscles and joints of the lower limb.
Theme 16. The vessels
of the upper extremity
Arteries of the upper limb. Axillary
artery: topography, parts, branches, areas of blood supply. Brachial artery:
topography, branches, areas of blood supply. Radial artery: topography,
branches, areas of blood supply. Ulnar artery: topography, branches, areas of
blood supply. Ulnar articular rete: sources, formation. Dorsal carpal arc:
topography, sources of formation, branches, areas of blood supply. Palmar
carpal rete: topography, sources of formation, areas of blood supply.
Superficial palmar arch: topography, sources of formation, areas of blood
supply. Deep palmar arch: topography, sources of formation, areas of blood
supply. Arterial anastomoses of the upper extremity. Projections
of the upper extremity arteries to the skin.
The veins of the upper limb: classification. Superficial
and deep veins of the upper extremity: their characteristics, patterns of
topography and structure. Axillary vein: topography, tributaries.
Theme 17. The vessels
of the lower extremity
Arteries of the lower limb. The external
iliac artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. Femoral artery:
topography, branches, areas of blood supply. Popliteal artery: topography,
branches, areas of blood supply. Anterior tibial
artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply. Posterior tibial artery: topography, branches, areas of blood supply.
Articular patellar rete: source, formation. Lateral malleolar
rete: topography, sources of formation, areas of blood supply. Medial malleolar rete: topography, sources of formation, areas of
blood supply. Arteries of the foot: dorsal pedis
artery, lateral plantar artery, medial plantar artery - topography, branches,
areas of blood supply.
Arterial anastomoses lower extremity. Projection
of lower extremity arteries to the skin.
The veins of the lower extremities: classification.
Superficial and deep veins of the lower extremity: their characteristics,
patterns of topography and structure.
Theme 18. Introduction to the peripheral nervous system. Spinal nerves. General plan of formation of somatic nerve
plexus
Components of the peripheral nervous system: nerves,
ganglia, nerve plexus, nerve endings. General plan of
structure of the nerve. Vascular and nerve bundles.
Classification of nerves. Segmental
distribution of peripheral nerves. Ganglia: classification. General plan of structure sensory ganglia. Spinal nerve:
formation, composition of fibers, branches, compliance to the segments of the
spinal cord. Dorsal branches of spinal nerves: structure of fibers, topography,
the general pattern of innervation. Dorsal branches of
the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves. Anterior branches
of spinal nerves: structure of fibers. General regularities
of formation of somatic nerve plexus. General laws of
anterior branches of thoracic nerves. Connection of
spinal nerves of the autonomic nervous system.
Theme 20. Somatic
nerve plexuses: cervical, brachial, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal. Thoracic nerves
Cervical plexus: sources of formation, topography,
branches, areas of innervation.
Brachial plexus: source formation, topography. Trunks of the brachial plexus. Classification
of branches. Supraclavicular part: short branches of brachial plexus,
their topography and areas of innervation. Infraclavicular
part: cords of brachial plexus. Long branches of the brachial plexus:
formation, topography, areas of innervation. Projection of
long branches of the brachial plexus on the skin. Topografic and anatomical
relationship between nerves and blood vessels of the upper extremities.
Lumbar plexus: source formation, topography, branches, areas of innervation.
Sacral plexus: source formation, topography, classification of branches. Short
branches of the sacral plexus: topography, areas of innervation. Long branches
of sacral plexus: topography, areas of innervation. Coccygeal plexus: sources
of formation, topography, branches, areas of innervations.
Thoracic nerve: branches. Intercostal nerves: topography,
composition of fibers, branches, areas of innervation.
Theme 21. Vessels and innervation of the upper and lower extremities.
Blood supply and innervation of muscles of the back
Vessels (arterial blood supply and venous drainage) and
innervation of the upper extremity joints: joints of pectoral girdle, shoulder
joint, elbow joint, wrist joint.
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic
drainage) and innervation of muscles of the upper extremity: shoulder girdle
muscles, arm muscles, muscles of the forearm and muscles.
Vessels (arterial blood supply and venous drainage) and
innervation of the lower extremity joints: hip, knee, ankle joints. Vessels
(arterial blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage) and innervation of the
skin and muscles of the lower extremities: muscles of the pelvis, thigh
muscles, leg muscles, muscles of the foot.
Vessels (arterial blood supply, venous and
lymphatic drainage) and innervation and of muscles of back, thorax and abdomen.
4. The structure of the discipline
|
Names of content modules on topics and |
Number of hours |
||||||||||||
|
Full-time |
|||||||||||||
|
all |
in including |
||||||||||||
|
Lect. |
Pract. |
Lab. |
Sem. . |
Ind. work |
|||||||||
|
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 |
5 |
6 |
7 |
|||||||
|
Module 1. Anatomy of the musculoskeletal system |
|||||||||||||
|
Content Module 1 - Introduction to Anatomy Content Module 2 - Anatomy of bones |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
1. Anatomy
and Medicine. Familiarity with the department. Anatomical
Terminology. Axes,
planes of the human body. The
skeleton of the trunk (general information). The structure of
the vertebrae. Peculiarities
of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae. Peculiarities of
the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae. The spine as a
whole. |
11 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
2. Structure
of the ribs and sternum. Thorax
as a whole. Formation
and establishment of the chest. The
structure of the clavicle and scapula. Humerus,
forearm, wrist. Their
formation. General
information about the skull. Occipital,
parietal and frontal bones. Sphenoid
and ethmoid bones. |
10 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
3. Temporal
bone. The upper jaw. Palatine bone. Nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, bone. Inferior
turbinate, vomer, mandible. Hyoid bone. |
8 |
6 |
2 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
4. Skull
in general. The
vault and base of skull. Bone palate. Temporal, Infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossa. Eye hole. Nasal cavity. Age-and
gender-structure of the skull. The
dimensions of the skull. |
8 |
6 |
2 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
5. Pelvic
and femur. Patella. The bones of the lower
leg and foot. Features
of the structure in terms of age. |
8 |
4 |
4 |
||||||||||
|
Total
for content modules 1, 2 |
45 |
4 |
28 |
13 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 3 - Articulations. |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
5. Species
compound bone joints. |
2 |
2 |
|||||||||||
|
Theme
6. Pairing
vertebrae to each other and to the skull. The combination of
skull bones: joints, ligaments, temporo-mandibular
joint. The combination of
edges of the vertebrae and sternum. The combination of upper extremity bones,
shoulder joint. Elbows. The combination of
the forearm bones. The
wrist joint. The
combination of hand bones. |
13 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
7. Combination
pelvic bones. Basin
as a whole. The
most important dimensions of the female pelvis. Hip joint and knee
joint. The combination of
lower leg bones. Ankle joint. The
combination of foot bones. Practical problems
on preparation of bones and joints. |
11 |
6 |
5 |
||||||||||
|
Total
for content module 3 |
26 |
2 |
14 |
10 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 4 - Myology |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
8. General
anatomical and physiological data on muscle. Peculiarities of
the musculoskeletal system in the age aspect. Superficial and
deep muscles of the back and neck. The
fascia of the back. The chest. The muscles of the
chest. Aperture.
Abdomen. The
abdominal muscles, their formation in the age aspect. |
10 |
2 |
6 |
2 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
9. Vagina
rectus abdominis muscle. White line. Inguinal Canal, abdominal
and other weak spots of the walls of the abdomen. The muscles of the
neck and head. Topography
and fascia of the neck and head. |
8 |
6 |
2 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
10. Muscles
of the shoulder girdle and upper arm. Axillary fossa. The muscles of the
forearm and hand. Topography
of the upper extremity, fascia sheath synovial bags and upper extremity. |
8 |
6 |
2 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
11. Muscles
of the pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. Topography of the
lower extremity. The fascia
sheath synovial bags and lower extremity. |
8 |
6 |
2 |
||||||||||
|
Total for content module 4 |
34 |
2 |
24 |
8 |
|||||||||
|
Total hours |
105 |
8 |
66 |
31 |
|||||||||
|
Module 2. Splanchnology. Central nervous system and senses. The vessels and nerves of the head and neck. |
|||||||||||||
|
Content Module 5 - Anatomy of the
digestive system |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
1. Digestive
system. Their
formation in the postnatal period. Mouth
and its division, the structure of the walls. The construction
of permanent and primary teeth. Structure and
function of the tongue and the glands of the mouth. Features of the
structure in terms of age. The formation,
development and function of the pharynx and esophagus in the postnatal
period. Features of the
structure, topography and function of the stomach in children and adults. Structure, topography and function of the small
intestine.
|
20 |
2 |
6 |
12 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
2. Structure,
topography and function of the liver and pancreas in the age aspect. Colon, their
structure, topography and function. Structure and topography of the peritoneum in
children.
|
10 |
6 |
4 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
3. Peritoneum
adults. Formation communication, ripples, and bags. Practical problems
on preparation of the digestive system. |
8 |
4 |
4 |
||||||||||
Total
for content module 5
|
38 |
2 |
16 |
20 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 6 - Anatomy of the
respiratory system |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
3. Respiratory. Features of the
structure in childhood. Structure
and function of the nose. |
7 |
2 |
2 |
3 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
4. Structure
of the larynx, trachea. Their
development and function of topography and age characteristics Structure,
topography and function of the lungs and pleura. Mediastinum and
its contents. X-ray films digestive
and respiratory systems. |
8 |
4 |
4 |
||||||||||
Total
for content module 6
|
15 |
2 |
6 |
7 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 7 - Anatomy of the Urinary
System |
|||||||||||||
Theme 4. Urinary organs. External and internal
structure of the kidney. Nephron
- structural and functional unit of the kidney. Blood supply. Shell kidney, its topography.
|
8 |
2 |
2 |
4 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
5. Adrenal
gland. The
structure and topography of the ureters and bladder. |
2 |
2 |
|||||||||||
Total
for content module 7
|
10 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 8 - Anatomy of reproductive
system |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
5. Male
genital organs. The
structure of the testis and its appendages. Ductus deferens. Seminal vesicles,
prostate and bulbourethral
gland. The external male genitalia. Spermatic cord. Shell testicles. The structure of the male
urethra. Topography of the pelvic
organs in males.
|
10 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
6. Female
genital organs. The
structure, location and function of the ovary. Uterus, its
development, form, part, structure, topography. Fallopian tubes. The structure and
topography of the vagina, external female genitalia and female urethra. Topography of the
pelvic organs in women. The
muscles and fascia of the perineum in men and women. X-ray film. |
16 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
|||||||||
Total
for content module 8
|
26 |
4 |
10 |
12 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 9 - Anatomy of the immune
and endocrine systems |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
7. Anatomy
of the endocrine system. Anatomy
of the immune system. Practical skills
in preparation of internal organs. |
16 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
|||||||||
Total
for content module 9
|
16 |
2 |
6 |
8 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 10 - Anatomy of the spinal
cord |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
8. Spinal
cord. Shape,
topography. Shell
spinal cord. Simple
and complex reflex arc. Spinal
cord: the internal structure. The structure
of the lower surface of the brain. Topography
of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves. |
19 |
2 |
6 |
11 |
|||||||||
Total
for content module 10
|
19 |
2 |
6 |
11 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 11 - Anatomy of the brain |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
9. Anatomy
of the brain stem. Medulla
oblongata, its external and internal structure. The construction
of the bridge. Reticulated
formation. Cerebellum and its
external and internal structure. Nuclei, legs, their combination,
composition. Isthmus
rhomboid brain. The
fourth ventricle. Topography of cranial nerves nuclei in the rhomboid
fossa. Midbrain.
|
16 |
4 |
6 |
6 |
|||||||||
|
Theme 10. Diencephalon. The structure of
the thalamus, epithalamus, metatalamus. Hypothalamus. Vegetative
nucleus of the hypothalamus. Pineal
body and brain appendage. Third
ventricle. Forebrain.
Sulci and gyri of superolateral
surface of hemisphere. Areas of the cerebral cortex. Insula Median sagittal
section of brain. Sulci and gyri of medial and
lower surfaces of hemisphere |
14 |
2 |
6 |
6 |
|||||||||
|
Theme 11. Limbic
system. Structure of white matter. Corpus callosum, fornix. Lateral
ventricles. Basal nuclei Pathways of the brain and spinal cord
(associative, commissural, projective). Ascending pathways Descending pyramidal, exrapyramidal
pathways. Topography of pathways on section of spinal cord. Membranes of the
brain. Dural sinuses, spaces. Circulation of spinocerebral
fluid. Blood vessels of the brain and spinal cord |
12 |
2 |
6 |
4 |
|||||||||
Total
for content module 11
|
42 |
8 |
18 |
16 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 12 - Sense organs |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme 12. Organ
of sight. Structure of eyeball tunics. The
refractory media of eyeball. Chambers of eye. Function of the lens. Visual analyzer pathways. Accessory structures of
the eye: orbital fascia, eyebrows, eyelids, conjuctiva.
Lacrimal apparatus Organs of hearing and equilibrium. Structure of
outer and middle ear Structure of
internal ear. Hearing analyzer pathways. Organs
of smell and taste, pathways. Structure
of skin |
17 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
|||||||||
|
Total
for content module 12 |
17 |
2 |
6 |
9 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 13 - The vessels of the head and neck |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
13. System
common carotid artery. Neurovascular bundle of the neck. The external carotid
artery and its branche. Terminal branches
of the external carotid artery: maxillary and superficial temporal arteries,
topography distribution of branches. Cervical portion
of the sympathetic trunk. Cervical
plexus. Lymphatic vessels
and nodes of the neck and head. The system of
internal jugular vein. Superficial
veins of the neck. |
11 |
2 |
6 |
3 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
14. Internal
carotid artery. The
blood vessels of orbit. |
5 |
2 |
3 |
||||||||||
|
Total
for content module 13 |
16 |
2 |
8 |
6 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 14 - Cranial nerves |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
14. I, II,
III, IV, VI pairs of cranial nerves, areas of distribution. I branch V pairs
of cranial nerves, part of its distribution. Ciliary node. |
10 |
2 |
4 |
4 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
15. A
second branch V pairs of cranial nerves, areas of distribution and the
related autonomic nodes of the head. The
third branch V pairs of cranial nerves, area of distribution and the related
autonomic nodes of the head. VII, XI
and XII pairs of cranial nerves. |
10 |
6 |
4 |
||||||||||
|
Theme 16. VIII,
IX cranial nerves Cranial and cervical parts of vagus
nerve. Practical skills
on brain and spinal cord, organs of sense, vessels of head and neck preparations. |
6 |
6 |
|||||||||||
|
Total
for content module 14 |
26 |
2 |
16 |
8 |
|||||||||
|
Total
hours |
225 |
28 |
96 |
101 |
|||||||||
|
Module 3. Heart. The vessels and nerves of the trunk and limbs |
|||||||||||||
|
Content Module 15 - Anatomy of the heart. |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
1. Anatomy
of the heart (I): the location and structure of the heart, anatomy of the
heart chambers. Large and small circulation. Anatomy of the
heart (II): the structure of the wall of the heart, blood flow to the heart. Pericardium. The projection of
the heart on the front wall of the chest cavity. Thoracic aorta:
topography, parietal and visceral branches. The system of the
superior vena cava. |
25 |
2 |
6 |
11 |
|||||||||
Total
for content module 15
|
25 |
2 |
6 |
11 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 16 - The vessels and nerves
of the body. |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
2. Lymphatic
vessels and nodes of thoracic viscera and walls. Thoracic and right lymphatic
ducts Thoracic part of
sympathetic trunk and thoracic division of vagus. Intercostal
nerves. Innervation of vicsera and walls of thorax Abdominal aorta. Parietal and visceral branches.
|
13 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
3. System of
inferior vena cava. Common and external iliac arteries and veins System of hepatic portal
vein. Systemic and porto-systemic anastomoses.
Circulation of blood of foetus and new-born Internal iliac arteries and
veins.
|
13 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
4. Lymphatic
vessels and nodes of abdomen and pelvis Lumbar part of sympathetic
trunk and abdominal division of vagus. Autonomic
plexus of abdomen Pelvic part of sympathetic
trunk. Pelvic division of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Autonomic plexus of pelvis
|
11 |
6 |
5 |
||||||||||
Total
for content module 16
|
37 |
4 |
18 |
15 |
|||||||||
|
Content Module 17 - The vessels and nerves
of the upper and lower extremities. |
|||||||||||||
|
Theme
5. Subclavian and axillary arteries and veins. Lymphatic nodes of
armpit Brachial, ulnar and radial
arteries, topography and branches on arm, forearm and hand Superficial and deep veins, lymphatics of upper extremity
|
13 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
6. Brachial
plexus, composition, topography, distribution of short branches. Vascular-nervous
fascicle of armpit Long branches of brachial
plexus, topography and distribution of branches on arm, forearm and hand.
|
13 |
2 |
6 |
5 |
|||||||||
|
Theme
7. Topography
and distribution of branches of femoral and popliteal arteries. Arteries of leg
and foot. Anastomoses between
the arterial branches of lower extremity Superficial and deep veins
and lymphatic nodes and vessels of lower extremity.
|
11 |
6 |
5 |
||||||||||
|
Theme
8. Lumbar spinal nerves. Lumbar plexus: composition, topography, distribution
of branches Sacral
and coccygeal spinal nerves. Sacral and coccygeal plexus. Practical skills ‘anatomy of vessels and
nerves of trunk and extremities.
|
6 |
6 |
|||||||||||
Total
for content module 17
|
43 |
4 |
24 |
|
|
15 |
|||||||
Total
hours
|
105 |
10 |
48 |
|
|
41 |
|||||||
The final of control I,
II and III module
|
6 |
|
|
|
|
6 |
|||||||
Total hours
|
435 |
46 |
210 |
|
|
179 |
|||||||
5. Topics of lectures
|
№ |
Theme of the lectures |
Hours |
|
|
Module 1.Anatomy of
musculoskeletal system. |
|||
|
Content module 1. Introduction to Human Anatomy. Content module 2. Anatomy of bones. Content module 3.Articulations. |
|||
|
1. |
Introduction to Human Anatomy. Initial
stages of human embryogenesis |
2 |
|
|
2. |
General osteology |
2 |
|
|
3. |
General artrology |
2 |
|
|
Content module 4.Myology. |
|||
|
4. |
General myology |
2 |
|
|
Total |
8 |
||
|
Module 2. Splanchnology. Central nervous system and organs of sense.
Vessels and nerves of head and neck |
|||
|
Content
module 5. Anatomy of the digestive system. |
|||
|
5. |
Introduction to splanchnology.
General anatomy of the digestive system |
2 |
|
|
Content
module 6 - Anatomy of the respiratory system |
|||
|
6. |
General anatomy of the respiratory system |
2 |
|
|
Content module 7 - Anatomy of the Urinary
System |
|||
|
7. |
General anatomy of the urinary system |
2 |
|
|
Content module 8 - Anatomy of reproductive
system |
|||
|
8. |
General anatomy of the female reproductive
system |
2 |
|
|
9. |
General anatomy of the male reproductive
system |
2 |
|
|
Content module 9 - Anatomy of the immune
and endocrine systems |
|||
|
10. |
General anatomy of immune system |
2 |
|
|
11. |
General anatomy of the endocrine system. |
2 |
|
|
Content module 10 - Anatomy of the spinal
cord |
|||
|
12. |
Introduction to central nervous system.
Anatomy of Spinal cord. |
2 |
|
|
Content module 11 - Anatomy of the brain |
|||
|
13. |
Anatomy of the Metencephalon
and Mesencephalon |
2 |
|
|
14. |
Anatomy of Forebrain derivatives |
2 |
|
|
15. |
Pathways of the brain and spinal cord |
2 |
|
|
Content
module 12 - Sense organs |
|||
|
16. |
Anatomy of sensory organs |
2 |
|
|
Content module 14 - Cranial nerves |
|||
|
17. |
Anatomy of cranial nerves |
2 |
|
|
Content module 13 - The vessels of the head and neck |
|||
|
18. |
Vascularity and innervation of head and
neck |
2 |
|
|
Total |
28 |
||
|
Module 3. Heart. The vessels and nerves of the trunk and limbs |
|||
|
Content
module 15 - Anatomy of the heart. |
|||
|
21. |
Functional anatomy of heart |
2 |
|
|
Content
module 16 - The vessels and nerves of the body. Content
module 17 - The vessels and nerves of the upper and lower extremities. |
|||
|
22. |
Functional anatomy of blood vessels |
2 |
|
|
23. |
Functional anatomy of lymphatic system |
2 |
|
|
24. |
General anatomy of the peripheral nervous
system |
2 |
|
|
25. |
General anatomy of the autonomic nervous
system |
2 |
|
|
Total |
10 |
||
6. Topics of seminars - not provided
7. Topics of practical classes
|
№ |
Theme of the practical
classes |
Hours |
||
|
Module 1.Anatomy of
musculoskeletal system. |
||||
|
Content module 1. Introduction to Human Anatomy. Content module 2. Anatomy of bones. |
||||
|
1. |
Anatomy
and medicine. Department of Human Anatomy TSMU, scientific achievement.
Acquaintance with a department. Anatomic terminology. Axes, planes of human
body. Skeleton of trunk (general data). Structure of vertebra. Structural
features of cervicaland thoracic vertebrae. Structural
features of vertebrae lumbar, sacrum and coccyx. Backbone as the whole. |
6 |
||
|
2. |
Structure
of ribs and sternum. Thorax as the whole. Formation of the thorax. Structure of
clavicle and scapula. Bones of arm, forearm, hand. General
data about a skull. Occipital, parietal and frontal bones. Sphenoid
and ethmoid bones. |
6 |
||
|
3. |
Temporal
bone. Maxilla.
Palatine bone. Nasal,
lacrimal, zygomatic, bones. Inferior nasal concha, vomer, mandible. Hyoid bone. |
6 |
||
|
4. |
Skull as the whole. Calvaria
and basis of skull. Bony palatine. Temporal, infratemporal,
pterygopalatine fossae. Orbit. Nasal cavity. Structural features of skull depending on age and
gender. Sizes of skull. |
6 |
||
|
5. |
Hip
and femur. Patella. Bones
of leg and foot. Features of their structure in an age aspect. Types
of Articulations, structure of joints. |
6 |
||
|
Content module 3.Articulations. |
||||
|
6. |
Аtlantooccipital and atlantoaxial
joints. Joints of skull bones: suturae, ligaments, synchondrosis, temporomandibular
joint. Articulations
of ribs with vertebrae and sternum. Articulations of shoulder girdle bones,
shoulder joint. Elbow
joint. Articulations of forearm bones. Carpometacarpeal
joint. Articulations of the hand. |
6 |
||
|
7. |
Articulation
of pelvic bones. Pelvis as a whole. Important sizes of female pelvis. Hip
joint and knee joint Articulation
of leg bones. Ankle joint. Articulations of the foot. Practical
skills “Osteology and Artrosyndesmology” |
6 |
||
|
Content module 4.Myology. |
||||
|
8. |
General anatomic and physiological data about
muscles. Structural features of the muscular system in an age aspect. Superficial
and deep Muscles of the back and occipital region. Fasciae of the back Thoracic area. Muscles of thorax. Diaphragm. Abdominal area. Abdominal muscles |
6 |
||
|
9. |
Sheath
of rectus abdominis muscle. Linea alba. Inguinal
Canal and other weak points of abdominal wall. Muscles
of neck and head. Topography
and fasciae of neck and head. |
6 |
||
|
10. |
Muscles of shoulder girdle and arm. Armpit. Muscles of forearm and hand. Topography of upper extremity, fasciae of
synovial bursae and sheaths of upper extremity. |
6 |
||
|
11. |
Muscles
of pelvis, thigh, leg and foot. Topography
of lower extremity. Fasciae, synovial bursae and
sheaths of lower extremity. Practical
skills on senses“Myology” |
6 |
||
|
Total |
66 |
|||
|
Module 2. Splanchnology. Central nervous system and organs of sense.
Vessels and nerves of head and neck |
||||
|
Content
module 5. Anatomy of the digestive system. |
||||
|
12. |
Organs of digestion. Postnatal development.
Mouth cavity, walls and communications.
Structure of permanent and milk teeth. Tongue, salivary glands. Their age
features. Development, structure and function of
pharynx and esophagus. Stomach, structure and topography. Structure and function, topography of small
intestine. |
6 |
||
|
13. |
Structure, topography and function of liver
and pancreas. Structure, topography and function of large
intestine. Structure and topography of peritoneum,
relations with organs. |
6 |
||
|
14. |
Ligaments, mesenteries and bursae of perіtoneum in adults. Practical skills on digestive organs
preparations. |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 6. Anatomy of the respiratory system. |
||||
|
|
Respiratory organs. Structure and function
of nose. |
|
||
|
15. |
Structure of the larynx and trachea. Development,
topography, age peculiarities. Structure, topography and function of lungs
and pleura. Mediastinum, its contents. Radiograph anatomy of digestive and respiratory
organs. |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 7. Anatomy of the urinary system. |
||||
|
|
Urinary organs. External and internal
structure of kidney. Nephron morphological and functional unit of kidney.
Blood supplying. Capsules and topography of kidney. |
|
||
|
16. |
Adrenal glands. Structure and topography of urether
and urinary bladder. |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 8. Anatomy of the reproductive systems. |
||||
|
|
Male reproductive organs. Structure of testis and epididimis.
Spermatic ducts and accessory reproductive glands. External reproductive organs. Spermatic cord. Layers of scrotal wall. Structure
of masculine urethra. Topography of small pelvis organs on male. |
|
||
|
17. |
Female reproductive system. Structure,
position and function of ovary. Uterus – development, shape, parts, structure
and topography. Uterine tubes. Structure and topography of vagina,
external reproductive organs and urethra. Topography of small female pelvic
organs. Muscles and fasciae of male and female
Perineum. Radiograph anatomy of urinary and reproductive organs. |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 9. Anatomy of immune and endocrine organs. |
||||
|
18. |
Anatomy of endocrine system organs. Anatomy of immune system organs. Practical skills on respiratory, urinary,
reproductive and endocrine organs preparations. |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 10. Anatomy of spinal cord. |
||||
|
19. |
Spinal cord, shape, topography. Membranes
of the spinal cord. Reflex arcs Spinal cord (internal structure) Base of brain. Topography of 12 cranial
nerves |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 11. Anatomy of cerebrum. |
||||
|
20. |
Anatomy of brainstem. Medulla oblongata
(external and internal structure). Pons. Reticular formation Cerebellum (external and internal
structure, nuclei and peduncles). Isthmus rhomboencephali.
Fourth ventricle Rhomboid fossa (topography of cranial
nerves nuclei). Midbrain: tectum, cerebral
peduncles, cerebral aqueduct |
6 |
||
|
21. |
Diencephalon. Structure of thalamus, epithalamus, metathalamus.
Hypothalamus. Pineal body and hypophysis. Third
ventricle Forebrain. Sulci and gyri
of superolateral surface of hemisphere. Areas of
the cerebral cortex. Insula Median sagittal section of brain. Sulci and
gyri of medial and lower surfaces of hemisphere |
6 |
||
|
22. |
Limbic system. Structure of white matter.
Corpus callosum, fornix. Lateral ventricles. Basal nuclei Pathways of the brain and spinal cord
(associative, commissural, projective). Ascending pathways Descending pyramidal, exrapyramidal
pathways. Topography of pathways on section of spinal cord. Membranes of the brain. Dural sinuses, spaces.
Circulation of spinocerebral fluid. Blood vessels
of the brain and spinal cord |
6 |
||
|
Content module 12. Organs of sense. |
||||
|
23. |
Organ of sight. Structure of eyeball
tunics. The refractory media of eyeball.
Chambers of eye. Function of the lens. Visual analyzer pathways. Accessory structures of the eye: orbital
fascia, eyebrows, eyelids, conjuctiva. Lacrimal
apparatus Organs of hearing and equilibrium.
Structure of outer and middle ear Structure of internal ear. Hearing analyzer pathways. Organs of smell and
taste, pathways. Structure of skin |
6 |
||
|
Content module 13. Vessels of head and
neck. |
||||
|
24. |
Common carotid artery. Vascular nervous
bundle of the neck. External carotid artery, neck branches. Terminal branches
of external carotid artery: maxillary and superficial temporal arteries,
topography distribution of branches. Cervical division of sympathetic trunk.
Cervical plexus. Lymphatic vessels and nodes of the head and neck. System of internal jugular vein. Superficial
veins of the neck |
6 |
||
|
Content
module 14. Cranial nerves. |
||||
|
25. |
Internal carotid artery. Blood vessels of
orbit I, II, III, IV, VI cranial nerves, areas of
distribution I division of V cranial nerve, areas of
distribution. Ciliary ganglion |
6 |
||
|
26. |
II division of V cranial nerve, areas of
distribution. Autonomic ganglia of the head III division of V cranial nerve, areas of
distribution. Autonomic ganglia of the head VII, XI and XII cranial nerves |
6 |
||
|
27. |
VIII, IX cranial nerves Cranial and cervical parts of vagus nerve. Practical skills on brain and spinal cord, organs of sense,
vessels of head and neck preparations. |
6 |
||
|
Total |
96 |
|||
|
Module
3. Heart. Vessels and nerves of trunk and extremities. |
|
|||
|
Content module 15. - Anatomy of heart. |
|
|||
|
28. |
Anatomy
of the heart I: location and structure of heart, anatomy of chambers.
Systemic and pulmonary circulation Anatomy of the heart II: structure of
heart wall, blood supplying and innervation of the heart. Pericardium.
Projection of heart on the front thoracic wall Thoracic part of aorta: topography, parietal and
visceral branches. System of superior vena cava |
6 |
|
|
|
Content module 16. - Vessels and nerves of the trunk. |
|
|||
|
29. |
Lymphatic
vessels and nodes of thoracic viscera and walls. Thoracic and right lymphatic
ducts Thoracic
part of sympathetic trunk and thoracic division of vagus.
Intercostal nerves. Innervation of vicsera and
walls of thorax Abdominal aorta. Parietal and visceral branches |
6 |
|
|
|
30. |
System
of inferior vena cava. Common and external iliac arteries and veins System
of hepatic portal vein. Systemic and porto-systemic
anastomoses. Circulation of blood of foetus and new-born Internal iliac arteries and veins. |
6 |
|
|
|
31. |
Lymphatic
vessels and nodes of abdomen and pelvis Lumbar
part of sympathetic trunk and abdominal division of vagus.
Autonomic plexus of abdomen Pelvic part of sympathetic trunk. Pelvic division of
the parasympathetic nervous system. Autonomic plexus of pelvis |
6 |
|
|
|
Content module 17. - Vessels and nerves of upper and lower extremities. |
|
|||
|
32. |
Subclavian and axillary arteries and veins.
Lymphatic nodes of armpit Brachial,
ulnar and radial arteries, topography and branches on arm, forearm and hand Superficial and deep veins, lymphatics
of upper extremity |
6 |
|
|
|
33. |
Brachial
plexus, composition, topography, distribution of short branches. Vascular-nervous fascicle of armpit Long branches of brachial plexus, topography and
distribution of branches on arm, forearm and hand |
6 |
|
|
|
34. |
Topography
and distribution of branches of femoral and popliteal arteries. Arteries of leg
and foot. Anastomoses
between the arterial branches of lower extremity Superficial and deep veins and lymphatic nodes and vessels of lower
extremity |
6 |
|
|
|
35. |
Lumbar
spinal nerves. Lumbar plexus: composition, topography, distribution of branches Sacral
and coccygeal spinal nerves. Sacral and coccygeal plexus. Practical skills ‘anatomy of vessels and nerves of
trunk and extremities. |
6 |
|
|
|
Total |
48 |
|
||
8. Topics laboratory - not provided
9. Independent work
|
№ |
Theme |
Hours |
|
Module 1.Anatomy of musculoskeletal system. |
||
|
Content module 1. Introduction to Human Anatomy. |
||
|
1. |
The main stages of anatomy in ancient times, in the Renaissance,
in the XVII - XIX centuries. |
1 |
|
2. |
Development of Ukrainian anatomical schools. |
2 |
|
Content
module 2. Anatomy of bones. |
||
|
3. |
Anatomical nomenclature. Axes and planes of
the body. |
2 |
|
4. |
Anatomy of the bones of the body. |
2 |
|
5. |
Analysis of X-ray, CT, MRI skeletal bones. |
2 |
|
6. |
Anatomy of the bones of the upper and lower
extremities. |
2 |
|
7. |
Anatomy of the skull bones. |
2 |
|
Content
module 3.Articulations. |
||
|
8. |
Anatomy of fibers and synovial joints between
bones. Development of connections between the bones in ontogeny. |
2 |
|
9. |
Analysis of X-ray, CT, and MRI joints bones of
the lower extremity. |
2 |
|
10. |
The connection between the bones of the upper
and lower extremities. |
2 |
|
11. |
Analysis of X-ray, CT, and MRI bone joints of
the upper limb. |
2 |
|
12. |
The connection between the bones of the body
and between the bones of the skull. |
2 |
|
Content
module 4.Myology. |
||
|
13. |
Anatomy of the muscles and fascia of the body. |
2 |
|
14. |
Anatomy of the muscles and fascia of the head and neck. Topography of the neck. |
2 |
|
15. |
Anatomy of the muscles and fascia of the upper and lower extremities. |
2 |
|
16. |
Topography of the upper and lower
extremities. Analysis of CT, MRI musculoskeletal
system. |
2 |
|
Total |
31 |
|
|
Module
2. Splanchnology. Central nervous system and organs of sense.
Vessels and nerves of head and neck. |
||
|
Content
module 5. Anatomy of the digestive system. |
||
|
1. |
Anatomy of the oral cavity and its derivatives. |
4 |
|
2. |
Anatomy of the gastrointestinal tract. |
4 |
|
3. |
Anatomy large digestive glands, liver and
pancreas. |
4 |
|
4. |
Anatomy of the peritoneum. |
4 |
|
5. |
Analysis of CT, MRI of the digestive system. |
5 |
|
| ||