LESSON
#4 (6 HOURS)
Theme: Skull as the whole. Calvaria and basis of skull. Bony palatine. Temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine fossae. Orbit. Nasal cavity. Structural features of skull depending on age and gender. Sizes of skull.
Aim: To study the
scull, topography and structure of the cranial fossae, temporal, infratemporal, pterygopalatine
fossae.
To study age features of the skull, topography and structure of the
orbit and nasal cavity.
To study the structure of humerus. To
find, term and show carpal bones and hand in preparations, discribe
their structure.
Professional orientation of
students: knowledge the structure of the skull
allows to understand morphological peculiarities of cavities for brain and most
importanr nerves and vessels. Understanding the
structure is a fundamental base for the neurosurgical and therapeutical
practice also traumatology and ENT specialist.
Knowledge
the structure of orbit and nasal cavity allows to understand morphological
peculiarities of cavities for eyes and nose, passage the cranial nerves also
important vessels. The age features of the scull are very important for normal
birth process and necessary in obstetric practice.
Knowledge
the structure of the Humerus Radius, Ulna, bones of
the wrist and the hand allow to understand morphological peculiarities of locomotory apparatus of upper limb. The correct structure
and position of the bones are very important for normal functioning of nerves,
vessels and muscles.
Basic Level. roman (Latin) terminology.
I.
Practical work
– 9:00-12:00 am (4 hours)
1)
Illustrative materialss:
Skeleton.
Skull.
Base of the skull.
Training video.
Training X-ray film, CT scans
and MRI.
2)
Methodology of
Practical Class.
Work 1. Studying
of topography
After the
active teacher’s consultation, using textbooks and atlases, to learn a skull’s topography.
Work 2. Studying
of skull’s topography
After the active
teacher’s consultation, using textbooks and atlases,
to learn skull’s topography, structure of foetal skull.
Work 3. Study
anatomy of forearm and hand bones
Independently,
after the active teacher consultation, using textbooks and atlases, to learn a humerus,
forearm and hand bones anatomy on separate preparations and on skeleton.
Individual Students Program –
9:00-11:15 am (3 hours)
3) Demonstrate
on preparations:
Skull: border between skullcap and base, cranial suture.
Base of the skull: temporal and infratemporal
fossa. Anterior, middle and posterior cranial fossa. Greater palatine and incisive canals, hard palate. Lacerum and
jugular foramen, clivus. Pterygopalatine
fossa: walls and its connections.
Skall of a newborn: anterior, posterior, sphenoidal
and mastoid fontanels.
Orbit: walls and connections. Paranasal sinuses.
Nasal cavity: walls, superior, midle and infirior nasal meatus, connections.
Humerus: formations are
disposed in proximal and distal epiphysis and body.
Formations are disposed in proximal epiphysis of the radius and ulna.
Formations are disposed in distal epiphysis distal epiphysis
Departments of the hand.
Rows of the carpal bones.
I.
II. Seminar discussion 12:30 am – 14:00 pm (2 hours)
1) Special
attention should be paid to the following questions:
1.
Name and show departments of cranium.
2.
Demonstrate border between calvaria and basicranium.
3.
What suture do you know?
4.
What bones belong to viscerocranium?
5.
What bones belong to neurocranium?
6.
What formations build anterior cranial fossa? Borders and
connections of the anterior cranial fossa?
7.
What bones form middle cranial fossa, its borders and connections?
8.
What bones form posterior cranial fossa, its borders and connections?
9.
What formations border temporal fossa?
10.
Where is infratemporal fossa
situated and what formations border it?
What
formations build pterygopalatine fossa and its connections.
12. What walls and
connections does orbit have?
13. What
formations build orbit walls, roof and floor?
14. What walls
does nasal cavity have and what formations build them?
15. What nasal
meatus do you know, what formations border them?
16. What cavities
open into each nasal meatus?
17. What
formations build bony palate?
18. What fontanelles are there in foetal scull?
19. Where do fontanelles heal?
20.
What department of the upper limb does humerus belong
to?
21.
What bones do humerus epiphysises
join with?
22. How
distinguish right humerus from left one?
What formations are there in proximal and distal humerus
epiphysises?
Which groove is situated in humerus diaphysis?
24. How
many bones are there in forearm region? Term them.
26.
What position do radius and ulna occupy (medial / lateral)?
27.
What parts do they distinguish in each forearm bones?
28. How
distinguish right bone from left one?
29.
What formations are there in proximal and distal radius epiphysises?
30.
What formations are there in proximal and distal ulna epiphysises?
32.
What surfaces and margins do they distinguish in hand?
33. How
many bones are there in hand?
34.
What departments does hand have and how many bones form them?
35. How
are disposed carpal bones?
38.
What structure of the metacarpals?
39.
What and how many phalanges are there?
Independent students work – 14:15 – 15:00 pm
References:
à) basic
1. Atlas
of Human Anatomy/ Frank H. Netter,- 5
edition, - 2011 by Saunders, an Imprint of Elsevior
Inc.
3.
Materials preparation
for lectures
4.
Materials preparation
for practical
classes
b)
additional
2.
F.H. Netter. Atlas of Human Anatomy. – C³ba Pharmaceut³cals D³v³s³on, 1994. – 514 p.
3.
Syneln³kov R.D. The atlas of
anatomy of the man. ²n 4-th volumes. -: Med³c³na, 1991.
4.
Reminetskyy B.Y., Fedonyuk Y.I. Human anatomy. Notes.
136 p.
5.
Lectures.
Methodical instructions have been prepared by: Assistant Prof. A.V.Miz
The
instruction was discussed and confirmed at the department meeting
12.06.2013.
Protocol number 11